The science of feeling and emotion: From past to present

Introduction As the founder of modern psychology as a discipline Wilhelm Wundt came up with the theory of tridimensional feeling (Wundt. Grundriss der Psychologie 1922; Leipzig), which has evolved over time with different theories and is thought to be essential for human survival. A feeling is the conscious awareness of the emotion itself. Feelings are personal and biographical, emotions are social, and affects are impersonal. Objectives We intend to understand how emotions can be explained through theories since the beginning of the modern psychology. Methods We performed a review of the published literature on the subject using Pubmed. We conducted a search using ‘feeling’ , ‘emotion’ and ‘affect’ as keywords. Results Although there are many theories on emotions they conclude that for centuries emotions have various functions and they help us survive. In order to explain this we can make use of biopsychosocial perspectives.The history of study of feeling began with Wundt’s theory of tridimensional feeling and later on different theories such as structuralism, functionalism, evolutionary perspective, behaviorism and nowadays most famous theory neuropsychoanalysis were proposed. Affect can be described as the individual’s ability to participate in stimuli, events, memories and thoughts with an emotional response, on the other hand feelings are the subjective complements of sensations but do not originate necessarily from a sense organ. Moreover, emotion is the reflection of a feeling. Conclusions Based on our research, we conclude that for almost over a century there are still theories being developed on feelings and in this matter biopsychosocial perspective has a critical role on its advancement. Are emotions just telltale signs of homeostasis, as Damasio points out? (Damasio & Carvalho. Nat. Rev. Neurosci 2013; 14(2), 143–152.) Apart from their physiological functions, can there be emotions that were once experienced and then suppressed and pushed into the unconscious? If we explain the unconscious only with the functioning of procedural memory in accordance with the current findings of neuroscience, then some changes are needed in our understanding of psychotherapy and especially transference. Because “is the thing that helps change in psychotherapy, the expression of an idea, the verbalization of the experiences, or an emotional/affective exchange between the psychotherapist and the patient?” We must find the answer to the question. It is hoped that neuroscience in general and neuropsychoanalysis in particular will reach new findings and explanations on these issues in the near future. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


Introduction:
We research new neurological viewpoints of psychiatric syndromes in social cohesion regarding, especially the problematic of lymbic system and amygdala in adults.Nowadays, the number of the problematic use of internet is higher than before the COVID-19 pandemic.The development of the digital techniques is impulsive, which can be the main reason of most neurological dysfunctions and the change of the social communication.Objectives: In this presentation, we review studies investigating the relationship among the new digital techniques, limbic system and development of psychiatric syndromes.We attempt to provide a summary of new theories and the areas currently being researched around the topic.Another aim of our research is to present the change of the social communication and emotion regulation, which are risk factors of problematic use of internet and behavioral addictive disorders.These appear in different ways in rehabilitation and social inclusion in Europe.Methods: In order to learn about recent international results, we conducted a literature search in 4 databases ( PubMed , Medline , Web of Science, Google Scolar) using keywords (amygdala, psychiatric syndromes, adults, emotion regulation, problematic use of internet, social cohesion) over the past 5 years.From the obtained results, the English empirical journal articles were used to prepare the literature review.Results: The frequency of co-occurrence of amygdala dysfunction, problematic use of internet and behavioral addictive disorders are correlated.The studies examined the presence of symptoms of impulsivity and dopamine level of the brain primarily through cross-sectional studies.The social cohesion and inclusion regarding types are different in the regions of Europe.Conclusions: The dysfunctions of lymbic system regulation cause maladaptive emotion regulation and are risk factors and make the person vulnerable to the development of psychiatric symptoms, problematic use of internet and behavioral addictive disorders.The differents of regions and areas in Europe with the new neurological viewpoints in psychiatric disorders can help with rehabilitation in the social cohesion regarding.These changes are particularly pronounced during adolescence, when the demand for self regulation across a variety of emotional and social situations may be the greatest.
Disclosure of Interest: None Declared

EPV0636
The science of feeling and emotion: From past to present

S. E. Ilgin
Introduction: As the founder of modern psychology as a discipline Wilhelm Wundt came up with the theory of tridimensional feeling (Wundt.Grundriss der Psychologie 1922; Leipzig), which has evolved over time with different theories and is thought to be essential for human survival.A feeling is the conscious awareness of the emotion itself.Feelings are personal and biographical, emotions are social, and affects are impersonal.Objectives: We intend to understand how emotions can be explained through theories since the beginning of the modern psychology.Methods: We performed a review of the published literature on the subject using Pubmed.We conducted a search using 'feeling' , 'emotion' and 'affect' as keywords.
Results: Although there are many theories on emotions they conclude that for centuries emotions have various functions and they help us survive.In order to explain this we can make use of biopsychosocial perspectives.The history of study of feeling began with Wundt's theory of tridimensional feeling and later on different theories such as structuralism, functionalism, evolutionary perspective, behaviorism and nowadays most famous theory neuropsychoanalysis were proposed.Affect can be described as the individual's ability to participate in stimuli, events, memories and thoughts with an emotional response, on the other hand feelings are the subjective complements of sensations but do not originate necessarily from a sense organ.Moreover, emotion is the reflection of a feeling.Conclusions: Based on our research, we conclude that for almost over a century there are still theories being developed on feelings and in this matter biopsychosocial perspective has a critical role on its advancement.Are emotions just telltale signs of homeostasis, as Damasio points out? (Damasio & Carvalho.Nat.Rev. Neurosci 2013; 14(2), 143-152.)Apart from their physiological functions, can there be emotions that were once experienced and then suppressed and pushed into the unconscious?If we explain the unconscious only with the functioning of procedural memory in accordance with the current findings of neuroscience, then some changes are needed in our understanding of psychotherapy and especially transference.Because "is the thing that helps change in psychotherapy, the expression of an idea, the verbalization of the experiences, or an emotional/affective exchange between the psychotherapist and the patient?"We must find the answer to the question.It is hoped that neuroscience in general and neuropsychoanalysis in particular will reach new findings and explanations on these issues in the near future.Introduction: Psychiatry has been diagnosing its pathologies through the evaluation of the symptoms reported by patients, relying on a few complementary exams to exclude organic causes.Studies about transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG) are bringing, from a clinical point of view, crucial information to characterize the different pathophysiological biomarkers of the psychiatric diseases, leading not only to the evolution of diagnosis, but also to an improved, more individualized treatment.Objectives: Characterizing the state of the art of TMS-EEG and its use in psychiatric diagnosis and treatments of different diseases.Methods: We undertook a narrative literature review by performing a search on PubMed for English-written articles from the last 10 years.The query used was "TMS-EEG"; "TMS-EEG" AND "Schizophrenia" OR "Major Depressive Disorder" OR "Bipolar Disorder".Results: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe and reliable method of non-invasive brain stimulation that allows for the local activation of cortical areas through electromagnetic induction.When combining this method with electroencephalography (EEG), it enables the underlying mechanisms of brain diseases.TMS is a powerful therapeutic technic in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).The literature refers to an enhanced N45 and N100 amplitude, which indicates a baseline cortical inhibition that can indicate a depressed state, which can be used as a clinical biomarker to evaluate TMS treatments.In Schizophrenia (SCZ), TMS-EEG reveals a decreased cortical inhibition and excitation.Indices of inhibition and excitation reductions were also related to cognitive deficits.The current studies regarding Bipolar Disorder (BD) are not so consistent, revealing that there are shared neural pathways with MDD and SCZ.This is a pathology often misdiagnosed with MDD, so biomarkers would help to diagnose BD earlier and improve its prognostic.Conclusions: TMS-EEG can be used to provide more accurate neural targets, leading to more powerful and personalized interventions in psychiatric disorders, as well as more accurate diagnoses.As for future studies, it would be relevant to assess not only TMS treatment effects, but also pharmacological results in these different pathologies.

Disclosure of Interest: None Declared
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

EPV0638
Oxidative Stress Markers in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Introduction: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic, prevalent, and highly impairing psychiatric illness.Although the pathophysiology of OCD remains unknown, pathways involved in oxidative stress (OS) have been implicated.However, the complete clinical picture has been rarely considered, and it remains unclear whether oxidative dysregulation is inherent to OCD pathophysiology, or whether it is a consequence of confounding factors such as age, body mass index (BMI) or smoking.Objectives: In this work, we aim to assess oxidant and antioxidant markers and its clinical correlates in a well characterized sample of patients with OCD and controls, to test the hypothesis that altered OS markers are associated with OCD, rather than to illness-related behavioral changes or comorbidities.Methods: 60 patients with OCD and 60 age and sex-matched control volunteers were recruited and assessed for sociodemographic and clinical variables using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale-II, the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview.Three oxidant [8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG), malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl] and three antioxidant [catalase, glutathione-peroxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] markers were assessed in serum using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).After comparing between groups, the association between OS markers and OCD characteristics, psychiatric medication and psychiatric comorbidities was assessed among patients with OCD.All analyses were adjusted for BMI, smoking and presence of physical comorbidities.Results: The six OS markers were similar between patients with OCD and controls.Among patients with OCD, patients with more obsessive and depressive symptoms had lower concentrations of 8-OHdG, although this correlation may be sensitive to extreme values.Also, those who were on higher doses of antidepressants had lower concentrations of SOD.The remaining OS markers were not associated with OCD characteristics, psychiatric medication, or comorbidities.
Interest: None Declared EPV0637 Looking though the Past, Present and Future of TMS-EEG S. N. Martins*, C. Romano and B. Ribeiro